Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Ten
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: National Make Lunch Count Day:
-- A day where we have an opportunity to break a trend that has
been occurring around the country by joining National Make Lunch
Count Day. According to a study commissioned by TGI Fridays, who
founded National Make Lunch Count Day in 2016 to remind American
workers to get away from their desks for lunch, the majority of
U.S. workers suffer from "FOLO" - otherwise known as a
"Fear of Lunching Out." Many workers eat lunch at their
desk at least twice a week (73%) while one-third have lunch at
their desk every day of the week. Don't fear lunching out any
longer! Taking a break from the workday improves productivity.
That includes taking a lunch break. Leaving the office or even
your desk for 20-30 minutes to refuel also reinvigorates your
creative juices. Our brains and bodies need the daily break. When
you return, you'll be refreshed and ready for new ideas and
approaches to whatever your job throws your way. To observe
National Make Lunch Count Day: Break the cycle of FOLO. Get away
from your desk; Join your co-workers and enjoy a real lunch with
stimulating conversation; Share your favorite ways to make lunch
count and promote them with your peers; and use
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Gary
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: International Plant
Appreciation Day: -- A day for plant lovers throughout the world
get together to express their appreciation for these green oxygen
machines. To properly honor this natural gift, the event also
discusses the myriad benefits plants provide to the environment,
such as improving air quality, creating small wildlife habitats,
and making dwellings more visually appealing. Furthermore, this
day occurs in spring, which is the prime tree and plant growing
season. With 66% of U.S. houses already having at least one
houseplant and an increasing number of worldwide families
following suit, we are well on our way to a plant-e-full existence
of greenery and clean(er) living. While we don't know the history
of this day just yet, we are all caught up in how plants became an
integral part of our lives - and our homes. Ever since the
emergence of the ancient civilizations, people have been enamored
with plants. Multiple archaeological sites show evidence of plants
grown in pots, and Egyptian tomb paintings from the 16th century
contain some of the earliest evidence of ornamental horticulture
and landscape design. With the 17th century came colonization, and
thus increased exposure to different species of plants. Explorers
would carry exotic plants back to their land for cultivation, and
the idea to grow plants inside buildings became popular. Britain's
introduction of various tropical plants from nations like North
America, Asia, Australia, and Africa enhanced the popularity of
indoor plants and perhaps influenced the invention of various
gardening contraptions. The invention that had the earliest - and,
at that time, highest - the greatest impact was the 'Wardian
case,' a sealed glass case perfect for growing and transporting
plants, which was created by London doctor Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward
in the 1930s. Ward's invention allowed the Britains to import
plants easily and forever changed how they were cultivated
throughout the world. Whereas plants were formerly only used to
cover surfaces in upper-class homes, by the 19th and 20th
centuries, everyone was on board. Gardening and planting became
ubiquitous, and people around the world grew both exotic and
native plants in their homes and gardens. The humble plant has
likewise risen in the world. Where once it adorned the corners of
homes, parks, and gardens, it now holds a position of honor
wherever it is cultivated. The broad love of the environment and
green living means that more and more people are embracing plants,
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
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Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: International Special
Librarians Day: -- Celebrated annually on April 13, it was
traditionally held on the Thursday of National Library Week, which
is generally the second full week in April. It's a day that pays
tribute to the unique contributions made by information
professionals by promoting their important roles in the global
information community. It encourages them to promote the services
they provide to their users, clients, and management within their
companies as well as to external communities. For any organization
to succeed, they need services that provide them with easy access
to decision-ready data, trusted market intelligence, as well as
efficient collection and sharing of data, to name a few.
Information professionals bring all these to the table. They're
trained in knowledge management, information research, and data
analysis and presentation. They should know your company's mission
and market. Information professionals work in such roles as
intranet managers, librarians, information specialists, knowledge
managers, and research analysts. Others work in physical libraries
or information centers. Many are part of research and development,
market research, or strategic planning teams. The "Special
Libraries Association" (SLA) is a non-profit global
organization for innovative information professionals and their
partners in government, business, academic, and other particular
settings. The SLA Board of Directors created International Special
Librarian Day. Along with the SLA, it's also sponsored by
"Factiva." The event's continued growth empowered
information professionals to showcase their services and resources
through a range of activities using materials provided by the SLA.
In 2007, 17 years after its establishment, the "SLA Public
Relations Advisory Council" sought to create an alternative
event to recognize and showcase the specialized skills as well as
the value that information professionals bring to an enterprise.
They found out that most executives didn't realize that their
resident information professional or special librarian provided
added value by protecting their company from litigation or
scandal. It was only too late that information ethics were given
any attention. To remedy this, a new and more informative day of
education would be needed. Information Ethics Day replaced ISLD
and was formally launched during SLA's Centennial Celebration. On
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: Unfairly Prosecuted Persons
Day: -- Slovakia holds a day of remembrance for the aggression
against monks in communist Czechoslovakia, in an event called the
Unfairly Prosecuted Persons Day, which is observed each year on
April 13. Although it is not a public holiday, some businesses and
organizations join Christian communities and governmental bodies
in commemorative activities and events. While the country is a
mixed blend of all religions and cultures today and has long
overthrown its Communist identity, the country still wants to
honor every priest and monk who suffered during the Communist
Regime in Czechoslovakia. Post-World War II Czechoslovakia had a
stable political scene. Their communist and non-communist parties
had a peaceful coalition - called the National Front - and were
leading the country towards a higher degree of stability. By 1946,
the country had a pro-Soviet non-communist president and a
communist prime minister, Klement Gottwald - who would be a key
person in the events that followed. The communist party gradually
took over key factions of the previously non-communist-led
government, including the police, armed forces, education,
agriculture, and civil service. The conflict between both parties
came to a bitter conclusion in 1948 when Czechoslovakia went
completely under Communist rule. The ideology at the time was to
completely reject all religions, and this would soon include all
religious figures as well. Gottwald - who had retained the post of
prime minister - attempted to purge dissidence from the population
by attacking monasteries of the Catholic Church all over the
nation. On the night of April 13, 1950, the state police broke
into 56 monasteries linked to the Catholic Church - all occupied
by male monks - and arrested everyone inside. All through that
month, more monasteries were raided and over 2000 monks were
interred and held in concentration 'monasteries' created by the
ruling party. A few months on, even female monasteries were
targeted, leading to another round of illegal detention for
various religious figures. Monasteries were only allowed to
function again in Czechoslovakia in 1968 after the General
Prosecutor's Office decided that there was no law prohibiting
monks from doing so. Communist authority was still in effect, and
the situation for monks would only improve once communist rule
ended in 1989. Today Czechoslovakia has been split into two - the
Czech Republic and Slovakia - and it is only the Slovakians who
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: National Borinqueneers Day: --
Borinqueneers are also known as the "65th Infantry Regiment."
This day recognizes their contributions to the "U.S. Armed
Forces" as well as highlights their representation of
Hispanic soldiers and veterans. It's a time to remember the Puerto
Rican soldiers who not only bravely fought on the battlefield to
defend the freedom of every American but fought discrimination
among their fellow soldiers as well. The Borinqueneers were
symbols of hope for people willing to make sacrifices for a better
future, even as they searched for acceptance and equality. As long
as the memory of their valor is honored, their sacrifices will not
be vain and their legacy will live on for generations of Puerto
Ricans to be proud of. Dating back to 1899, the 65th "Infantry
Regiment" was intended only for service on the island of
Puerto Rico. They were regarded as unsuitable for combat and
overseas deployment. This racism kept them from serving in combat
as they were simply regarded as untrustworthy in battle because of
their culture. It was only until the Korean War that the "U.S.
Army" decided to use them as first-line combat troops from
1950 to 1953 as part of the 3rd Infantry Division. Also known as
the 'el sesenta y cinco de infanteria' and its men as the
'Borinqueneers,' it was made up solely of Puerto Rican soldiers.
The name 'Borinqueneers' is both a Spanish and English translation
of 'Boriken,' the Arawak or Taino indigenous name for Puerto Rico.
The three first syllables are read in Spanish and the last one is
in English. Despite the signing of Executive Order 9981 by
President Harry Truman in 1948 which paved the way for the
desegregation of the armed forces, the 65th Infantry remained a
segregated Puerto Rican unit. These soldiers suffered ethnic
prejudice such as not being allowed to speak Spanish, cutting off
their rations of rice and beans, as well as being ordered to shave
off their mustaches. For Puerto Rican males, this was degrading as
mustaches symbolized manhood. In the face of these hardships, the
Borinqueneers fought relentless North Korean and Chinese soldiers
in fierce combat. They continued to serve with distinction in key
battles, continuing to pay the price in both lives and dignity
until it was deactivated on April 10, 1956. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: American
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: National Thomas Jefferson Day:
-- April 13, 1743: #BOTD: #HBD! Thomas Jefferson, American author,
inventor, lawyer, politician, architect, one of the finest minds
of the 1700s, Founding Father who was the principal author of the
Declaration Of Independence and later served as the third
President of the United States from 1801 to 1809 (d. July 4, 1826)
is #born in Albermarle County, Virginia. Prior to becoming
President, he was elected the second Vice President of the United
States, serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801. A proponent of
democracy, republicanism, and individual rights motivating
American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new
nation, he produced formative documents and decisions at both the
state and national level. He was a land owner and farmer.
Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in
colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William and
Mary and briefly practiced law, at times defending slaves seeking
their freedom. During the American Revolution, he represented
Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration,
drafted the law for religious freedom as a Virginia legislator,
and he served as a wartime governor (1779-1781). He became the
United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the
nation's first Secretary Of State in 1790-1793 under President
George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the
Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during
the formation of the First Party System. With Madison, he
anonymously wrote the controversial Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions in 1798-1799, which sought to embolden states' rights
in opposition to the national government by nullifying the Alien
and Sedition Acts. As President, Jefferson pursued the nation's
shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and
aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana
Purchase, almost doubling the country's territory. As a result of
peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced
military forces. He was reelected in 1804. Jefferson's second term
was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former
Vice President Aaron Burr. American foreign trade was diminished
when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to
British threats to U.S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a
controversial process of Indian tribe removal to the newly
organized Louisiana Territory, and he signed the Act Prohibiting
Importation of Slaves in 1807. Jefferson mastered many
disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to
horticulture and mechanics. He was a proven architect in the
classical tradition. Jefferson's keen interest in religion and
philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical
Society. He shunned organized religion but was influenced by both
Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and
spoke several languages. He founded the University of Virginia
after retiring from public office. He was a prolific letter writer
and corresponded with many prominent and important people
throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on
the State of Virginia (1785), considered the most important
American book published before 1800. Although regarded as a
leading spokesman for democracy and republicanism in the era of
the Enlightenment, Jefferson's historical legacy is mixed. He
owned and profited from several plantations which were worked by
slaves throughout all of his adult life. There is evidence that
after his wife Martha died in 1782, Jefferson fathered children
with Martha's half-sister, and his sister-in-law, Sally Hemings,
who was his slave. Some modern scholarship has been critical of
Jefferson's private life, pointing out the contradiction between
his ownership of slaves and his famous declaration that "all
men are created equal." He continues to rank highly among
U.S. presidents. Presidential scholars and historians generally
praise Jefferson's public achievements, including his primary
authorship of the Declaration Of Independence, advocacy of
religious freedom and tolerance in Virginia, and his oversight of
the Louisiana Purchase. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as
John Adams, second president of the United States, on the fiftieth
anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration Of
Independence. ========= April 13, 1943: The Jefferson Memorial is
dedicated in Washington, D.C., on the 200th anniversary of
President Thomas Jefferson's birth. ========= April 13, 1976: The
United States Treasury Department reintroduces the two-dollar bill
as a Federal Reserve Note on Thomas Jefferson's 233rd birthday as
part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The World:
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1204: The History Of
Christianity: The History Of Roman Catholicism: The Latin Church
(Latin: Ecclesia Latina): The Middle Ages (The Medieval Period,
The Mediaeval Period): The Crusades: The Fourth Crusade (1202-04):
-- Constantinople falls to the Crusaders, temporarily ending the
Byzantine Empire. The Fourth Crusade (1202-04) was a Western
European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally
intended to reconquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an
invasion through Egypt. Instead, a sequence of events culminated
in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital
of the Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire. In January 1203, en
route to Jerusalem, the majority of the crusader leadership
entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios
Angelos to divert to Constantinople and restore his deposed father
as emperor. The intention of the crusaders was then to continue to
the Holy Land with promised Byzantine financial and military
assistance. On 23 June 1203 the main crusader fleet reached
Constantinople. Smaller contingents continued to Acre. In August
1203, following clashes outside Constantinople, Alexios Angelos
was crowned co-Emperor (as Alexios IV Angelos) with crusader
support. However, in January 1204, he was deposed by a popular
uprising in Constantinople. The Western crusaders were no longer
able to receive their promised payments, and when Alexios was
murdered on 8 February 1204, the crusaders and Venetians decided
on the outright conquest of Constantinople. In April 1204, they
captured and brutally sacked the city, and set up a new Latin
Empire as well as partitioning other Byzantine territories among
themselves. Byzantine resistance based in unconquered sections of
the empire such as Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus ultimately
recovered Constantinople in 1261. The Fourth Crusade is considered
to be one of the more prominent acts in the Great Schism between
the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key
turning point in the decline of the Byzantine Empire and
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1519: #BOTD: #HBD! Catherine
de' Medici, Italian (Florentine) noblewoman born into the Medici
family considered the most important woman in Europe in the 16th
century, Queen Of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King
Henry II, mother of French kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry
III, whose collective years of reign have been called "The
Age Of Catherine de' Medici" since she had extensive, albeit
at times varying, influence on the political life of France, niece
of Pope Clement VII, guardian of Mary Stewart before she became
Mary, Queen Of Scots, patroness of the arts (d. January 5, 1589)
is #born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici in Florence, Republic of
Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino,
and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of
Boulogne. In 1533, at the age of 14, Catherine married Henry, the
second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France, who would
become Dauphin of France (heir to the throne) upon the death of
his elder brother Francis in 1536. Catherine's marriage was
arranged by her uncle, the pope (born, Giulio de' Medici). Henry
largely excluded Catherine from state affairs during his reign,
instead showering favours on his chief mistress, Diane de
Poitiers, who wielded significant influence in the court. Henry's
sudden accidental death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the
political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old Francis II.
When Francis II died the next year, she became regent on behalf of
her 10-year-old son Charles IX and thus gained sweeping powers.
After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the
reign of her third son, Henry III. He dispensed with her advice
only in the last months of her life but outlived her by just seven
months. Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost
constant civil and religious war in France. The Guise Faction, a
prominent French noble family of The House Of Guise that was
involved heavily in the French Wars Of Religion, tried to displace
her sons in its attempt to establish its very own dynasty to rule
over France. Catherine also tried to think of ways to weaken the
Guise Faction, which treated her scornfully. The problems facing
the monarchy were complex and daunting. However, Catherine kept
the monarchy and state institutions functioning, if at a minimal
level. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the
rebelling Calvinist Protestants known as Huguenots. However, she
failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their
movement. Later, she resorted in frustration and anger to hardline
policies against them. In return, she was blamed for the
persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of
Huguenots were killed in France. Some historians have excused
Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but
evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. In
practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil
wars, and she suffers in comparison to what might have been had
her husband the king lived to take responsibility or stabilise the
country. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures
to keep the House of Valois on the throne at all costs and her
patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose
prestige was in steep decline. Without Catherine, it is unlikely
that her sons would have remained in power. Catherine died at the
age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy, at The Royal Chateau Of
Blois in the city center of Blois, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loire
Valley, Kingdom Of France. The french diarist and chronicler,
royal secretary Pierre de L'Estoile, wrote: "those close to
her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over
her son's deed" of having the Duke of Guise killed along with
eight members of the Guise family. He added that she had no sooner
died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead
goat. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine
had to be buried provisionally at Blois. Eight months later,
assassin Jacques Clement stabbed Henry III to death while Henry
was besieging Paris with the Henry III Of Navarre, who would
succeed Henry III as Henry IV of France, ending nearly three
centuries of Valois rule and founding The Bourbon Dynasty. Henry
IV was later reported to have said of Catherine:"I ask you,
what could a woman do, left by the death of her husband with five
little children on her arms, and two families of France who were
thinking of grasping the crown -- our own [the Bourbons] and the
Guises? Was she not compelled to play strange parts to deceive
first one and then the other, in order to guard, as she did, her
sons, who successively reigned through the wise conduct of that
shrewd woman? I am surprised that she never did worse." Years
later, Diane, daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci, had
Catherine's remains reinterred in the Saint-Denis Basilica in
Paris. In 1793, a revolutionary mob tossed her bones into a mass
grave with those of the other kings and queens. On Sale @ 15% Off
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Monarchy
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1570: #BOTD: Guy Fawkes,
English soldier, known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the
Spanish, lead planner and leading member of the provincial English
Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot Of 1605 (d.
January 31, 1606) is #born in Stonegate, York, North Yorkshire,
England. He was raised and educated in York; his mother and
step-father were recusant Catholics (those loyal to the Catholic
Church and refused to attend Church Of England services). Guy
Fawkes' father was C of E, but after his father's death, Guy
converted to Catholicism. He left for mainland Europe, where he
fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against
Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to
Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without
success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to
England. Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to
assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the
throne. The plotters leased an undercroft (a cellar or storage
room) beneath the House of Lords; Fawkes was placed in charge of
the gunpowder that they stockpiled there. The authorities were
prompted by an anonymous letter to search Westminster Palace
during the early hours of November 5, and they found Fawkes
guarding the explosives. He was questioned and tortured over the
next few days and confessed to wanting to blow up the House of
Lords. Fawkes was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.
However, at his execution on January 31, he died when his neck was
broken as he was hanged, with some sources claiming that he
deliberately jumped to make this happen; he thus avoided the agony
of his sentence. In keeping with the English custom at that time
for executed traitors, he has no (publicly disclosed) grave, and
accordingly, his burial details are not (publicly) disclosed. He
became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failed
assassination attempt against King James I by a group of
provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to
restore the Catholic monarchy to England after decades of
persecution against Catholics, a plot whose failure has been
commemorated in the UK as Guy Fawkes Night since November 5, 1605,
when his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly
accompanied by fireworks. The plan of The Gunpowder Plot was to
blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament
on November 5, 1605, as the prelude to a popular revolt in the
Midlands during which King James's nine-year-old daughter,
Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state.
Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing
greater religious tolerance under King James I had faded, leaving
many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow conspirators were
John and Christopher Wright, Robert and Thomas Wintour, Thomas
Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose
Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham. Fawkes, who had
10 years of military experience fighting in the Spanish
Netherlands in the failed suppression of the Dutch Revolt, was
given charge of the explosives. The plot was revealed to the
authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th
Baron Monteagle, on October 26, 1605. During a search of the House
of Lords in the evening on 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered
guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder-enough to reduce the House of
Lords to rubble-and arrested. Most of the conspirators fled from
London as they learned that the plot had been discovered, trying
to enlist support along the way. Several made a stand against the
pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House; in
the ensuing battle Catesby was one of those shot and killed. At
their trial on January 27, 1606, eight of the survivors, including
Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and
quartered. Details of the assassination attempt were allegedly
known by the principal Jesuit of England, Father Henry Garnet SJ.
Although he was convicted of treason and sentenced to death, doubt
has been cast on how much he really knew of the plot. As its
existence was revealed to him through confession, Garnet was
prevented from informing the authorities by the absolute
confidentiality of the confessional. Although anti-Catholic
legislation was introduced soon after the discovery of the plot,
many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during
King James I's reign. The thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot was
commemorated for many years afterwards by special sermons and
other public events such as the ringing of church bells, which
evolved into the British variant of Bonfire Night of today. On
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Native
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Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1613: The Colonial History Of
The United States: The British Colonization Of The Americas: The
Colony Of Virginia: The Jamestown, Virginia Colony (1607-1624):
Tsenacommacah (Tscenocomoco, Tsenacomoco, Tenakomakah,
Attanoughkomouck, Attan-Akamik): Native American Tribes In
Virginia: The Powhatan People: Pocahontas (Amonute, Matoaka): The
Kidnapping Of Pocahontas: -- Samuel Argall captures Native
American princess Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia to ransom
her for some English prisoners held by her father; she is brought
to Henricus as hostage. Pocahontas (born Matoaka, known as
Amonute, c. 1596 - March 1617) was a Native American woman notable
for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown,
Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount
chief of a network of tributary tribal nations in the
Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a
well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of a captive of
the Native Americans, the Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by
placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club
to execute him. A large number of historians doubt the veracity of
this story. Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by the
English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613. During her
captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name
Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her
people, she chose to remain with the English. In April 1614, at
the age of 17, she married tobacco planter John Rolfe, and in
January 1615, bore their son, Thomas Rolfe. In 1616, the Rolfes
travelled to London. Pocahontas was presented to English society
as an example of the "civilized savage" in hopes of
stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. She became
something of a celebrity, was elegantly feted, and attended a
masque (a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in
16th- and early 17th-century Europe) at Whitehall Palace, the main
residence of the English monarchs from 1530 until 1698. In 1617,
the Rolfes set sail for Virginia, but Pocahontas died at Gravesend
of unknown causes, aged around 20-21. She was buried in St
George's Church, Gravesend in England, but the exact location of
her grave is unknown, as the church has been rebuilt. Numerous
places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been
named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the
years, and she is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many
famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her
son Thomas, including members of the First Families of Virginia,
First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, Las
Vegas performer Wayne Newton, and astronomer Percival Lowell. John
Rolfe (1585-1622) was one of the early English settlers of North
America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of
tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Battle
Of Fort Sumter Civil War Documentary Set MP4 Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1861: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Eastern Theater
Of The American Civil War: The Battle Of Fort Sumter: -- Fort
Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces. The day before, the
Battle Of Fort Sumter began the American Civil War as Confederate
troops under the command of Gen. Pierre Beauregard opened fire at
4:30 a.m. on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor near Charleston,
South Carolina. The United States Army returned gunfire and
subsequent surrendered. Following declarations of secession by
seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army
abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, 1860,
Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his
small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's
Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island
controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S.
President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using
the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was
fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina
authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston
area except for Fort Sumter. During the early months of 1861, the
situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a
siege. In March, Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard, the first
general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army, was
placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston. Beauregard
energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around
Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter. Conditions in the fort,
growing increasingly dire due to shortages of men, food, and
supplies, deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete
the installation of additional guns. The resupply of Fort Sumter
became the first crisis of the administration of the newly
inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory
in the election of November 6, 1860. He notified the Governor of
South Carolina, Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply
ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate
government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter, which
Major Anderson refused. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the
Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries
surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire,
they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major
Anderson agreed to evacuate. There were no deaths on either side
as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion
during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union
deaths. Following the battle, there was widespread support from
both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's
immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion
resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring
their secession and joining the Confederacy. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: American
Art & The Metropolitan Museum 1650-1914 DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1870: Foundations: Museum
Foundations: -- The New York City Metropolitan Museum Of Art is
founded. The Metropolitan Museum Of Art in New York City, known
colloquially "The Met", is the largest art museum in the
Americas. In 2022 it welcomed 3,208,832 visitors, ranking it
eighth in the list of most-visited art museums in the world, and
the second-most visited art museum in the United States. Its
permanent collection contains over two million works, divided
among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 Fifth
Avenue, along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park
on Manhattan's Upper East Side, is by area one of the world's
largest art museums. The first portion of the approximately
2-million-square-foot (190,000 m2) building was built in 1880. A
much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in
Upper Manhattan, contains an extensive collection of art,
architecture, and artifacts from medieval Europe. The Metropolitan
Museum Of Art was founded in 1870 with its mission to bring art
and art education to the American people. The museum's permanent
collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and
ancient Egypt, paintings, and sculptures from nearly all the
European Old Masters, and an extensive collection of American and
modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African,
Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is home to
encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes, and
accessories, as well as antique weapons and armor from around the
world. Several notable interiors, ranging from 1st-century Rome
through modern American design, are installed in its galleries. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Sold Down
The River: Black Freedom Lost After Civil War DVD, MP4, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1873: White Supremacy:
Terrorism: Anti-Black Racism: Anti-Black Racism In The United
States: Race Riots: Race Riots In The United States: The
Reconstruction Era (Reconstruction): Lynchings: The Freedmen
Massacres: Lynchings In The United States: The Colfax Massacre
(The Colfax Riot): -- The largest racial massacre in U.S. history
occurs on an Easter Sunday, when an estimated 62-153 black militia
men were murdered, 37 of them execution style, while surrendering
to a mob of Ku Klux Klan members, former Confederate soldiers and
white Southern Democrats at the Grant Parish Courthouse in Colfax,
Louisiana, the seat of Grant Parish. Estimates of the number of
dead have varied over the years, ranging from 62 to 153; three
whites died but the number of black victims was difficult to
determine because many bodies were thrown into the Red River or
removed for burial, possibly in mass graves. Most of the freedmen
were killed after surrendering, and nearly another 50 were killed
later that night after being held as prisoners for several hours.
The Colfax Massacre, or the "Colfax Riot" as the events
were euphamistically termed on the state historic marker erected
by Southern segregationists in 1950 (marker removed May 2021 in
the aftermath of the Black Lives Matter movement), occurred in the
wake of the contested 1872 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election and
the elections of local offices. Seeing the recently freed black
population and their Republican party allegiance as threats to
white Democratic party rule, a group of white men armed with
rifles and a small cannon overpowered black freedmen and state
militia occupying the Grant Parish Courthouse. Federal prosecution
and conviction of a mere few perpetrators of The Colfax Massacre
under the 1870 and 1871 Enforcement Acts (criminal codes that
protected African Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to
serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws) was
appealed to the United States Supreme Court. In the key case of
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court ruled, in a
severe miscarriage of justice, that protections of the Fourteenth
Amendment did not apply to the actions of individuals, but only to
the actions of state governments. After this ruling, the federal
government could no longer use the Enforcement Act of 1870 to
prosecute actions by paramilitary groups such as the White League,
which had chapters forming across Louisiana beginning in 1874.
Intimidation, murders, and black voter suppression by such
paramilitary groups were instrumental to the Democratic Party
regaining political control in the state legislature by the late
1870s. Between 1868 and 1876, every election in Louisiana was
marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud. Although the
state's "returning board" (a board which ruled on vote
validity) which was Fusionist-dominated (electoral fusion being
where two or more political parties on a ballot list the same
candidate, pooling the votes for that candidate) initially
declared the white supremacist Democrat John McEnery and his
Democratic slate the winners, the board eventually split, with a
faction declaring Republican William P. Kellogg the victor. A
Republican federal judge in New Orleans ruled that the
Republican-majority legislature be seated. James Roswell Beckwith,
the US Attorney based in New Orleans, sent an urgent telegram
about the massacre to the U.S. Attorney General. The massacre in
Colfax gained headlines of national newspapers from Boston to
Chicago. Various government forces spent weeks trying to round up
members of the white paramilitaries, and a total of 97 men were
indicted. In the end, Beckwith charged nine men and brought them
to trial for violations of the Enforcement Act of 1870. It had
been designed to provide federal protection for civil rights of
freedmen under the 14th Amendment against actions by terrorist
groups such as the Klan. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Allied
Codebreakers Of WWI & WWII DVD MP4 Video Download USB Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1889: #BOTD: Herbert Yardley,
American cryptologist, author and recipient of the Distinguished
Service Medal, founder and leader of the first modern ryptographic
organization who laid the framewok for modern cryptological
analysis (d. August 7, 1958) is #born Herbert Osborn Yardley in
Worthington, Indiana. He founded and led of the cryptographic
organization the Black Chamber, also known as the Cipher Bureau,
the United States' first peacetime cryptanalytic organization, and
a forerunner of the National Security Agency. Under Yardley, the
cryptanalysts of The American Black Chamber broke Japanese
diplomatic codes and were able to furnish American negotiators
with significant information during the Washington Naval
Conference of 1921-1922 which provided the United States and
United Kingdom to obtain an agreement ensuring naval superiority
over the Japanse. He also wrote The American Black Chamber (1931)
about his experiences there and detailing much regarding the
Chamber's effect on the Washington Naval Conference agreement
known as the Washington Naval Treaty, inciting great enmity from
both the United States and United Kingdeom. He went on to assist
the Kuomintang Chinese Nationalists in breaking Japanese codes
during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Following this work in China,
Yardley worked for the Canadian government from June to December
1941, helping it set up a cryptological section known as the
Examination Unit for the National Research Council of Canada.
Yardley was reportedly let go from this position due to pressure
either from the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson or from the
British. Herbert Yardley died in Washington, D.C. aged 69, nearly
a week after having a major stroke. He is buried at Arlington
National Cemetery, Grave 429-1 of Section 30. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Sir Arthur
Harris Of RAF Bomber Command During WWII DVD, Download, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1892: #BOTD: Sir Arthur Harris,
1st Baronet, English air marshal (d. April 5, 1984) is #born
Arthur Travers Harris at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, South West
England. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur Travers Harris,
GCB, OBE, AFC, commonly known as "Bomber" Harris by the
press and often within the RAF as "Butcher" Harris, was
Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) RAF Bomber Command
during the height of the Anglo-American strategic bombing campaign
against Nazi Germany in the Second World War. In 1942, the British
Cabinet agreed to the "area bombing" of German cities.
Harris was given the task of implementing Churchill's policy and
supported the development of tactics and technology to perform the
task more effectively. Harris assisted British Chief of the Air
Staff Marshal of the Royal Air Force Charles Portal in carrying
out the United Kingdom's most devastating attacks against the
German infrastructure and population, including the Bombing of
Dresden. Harris emigrated to Southern Rhodesia in 1910, aged 17,
but returned to England in 1915 to fight in the European theatre
of the First World War. He joined the Royal Flying Corps, with
which he remained until the formation of the Royal Air Force in
1918, and he remained in the Air Force through the 1920s and
1930s, serving in India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Palestine,
and elsewhere. At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939,
Harris took command of No. 5 Group RAF in England, and in February
1942 was appointed head of Bomber Command. He retained that
position for the rest of the war. After the war Harris moved to
South Africa where he managed the South African Marine
Corporation. Harris's continued preference for area bombing over
precision targeting remains controversial, partly because many
senior Allied air commanders thought it less effective and partly
for the large number of civilian casualties and destruction this
strategy caused in Continental Europe. Sir Arthur Harris died of
undisclosed causes at his home in Goring (Goring-on-Thames), an
ironic name for a man whose counterpart in Nazi Germany was Herman
Goring, in South Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire, England. He is buried
in Burntwood Cemetery at Goring. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Echoes Of
War: History Of Radar & Its Use In WWII DVD, Download, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1892: #BOTD: #HBD! Robert
Watson-Watt, Scottish engineer, British pioneer of radio direction
finding and radar technology (RADAR) (d. December 5, 1973) is
#born Robert Alexander Watson-Watt in Brechin, Angus, Scotland.
Sir Robert Alexander Watson Watt KCB FRS FRAeS began his career in
radio physics with a job at the Met Office, where he began looking
for accurate ways to track thunderstorms using the radio signals
given off by lightning. This led to the 1920s development of a
system later known as high-frequency direction finding (HFDF or
"huff-duff"). Although well publicized at the time, the
system's enormous military potential was not developed until the
late 1930s. Huff-duff allowed operators to determine the location
of an enemy radio in seconds and it became a major part of the
network of systems that helped defeat the threat of German U-boats
during World War II. It is estimated that huff-duff was used in
about a quarter of all attacks on U-boats. In 1935 Watt was asked
to comment on reports of a German death ray based on radio. Watt
and his assistant Arnold Frederic Wilkins quickly determined it
was not possible, but Wilkins suggested using radio signals to
locate aircraft at long distances. This led to a February 1935
demonstration where signals from a BBC short-wave transmitter were
bounced off a Handley Page Heyford aircraft. Watt led the
development of a practical version of this device, which entered
service in 1938 under the code name Chain Home. This system
provided the vital advance information that helped the Royal Air
Force win the Battle of Britain. After the success of his
invention, Watson Watt was sent to the US in 1941 to advise on air
defence after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. He returned and
continued to lead radar development for the War Office and
Ministry of Supply. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1941, was given a knighthood in 1942 and was awarded the US
Medal for Merit in 1946. Robert Watson-Watt died aged 81 in
Inverness, Scotland. He is buried together with his third and
final wife, Air Chief Commandant Dame Katherine Jane Trefusis
Forbes (who had played a significant role in The Battle Of Britain
as the founding Air Commander of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force
who supplied the radar-room operatives for Watt's invention) in
the churchyard of the Scottish Episcopal Church Of The Holy
Trinity at Pitlochry, Perthshire, Scotland. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Is There
One Who Understands Me? The World Of James Joyce DVD MP4 USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1906: #BOTD: #HBD! Samuel
Beckett, Irish novelist, poet, dramatist, playwright, short story
writer, theatre director, literary translator and Nobel Prize
laureate (d. December 22, 1989) is #born Samuel Barclay Beckett in
the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, Ireland. His literary and theatrical
work features bleak, impersonal and tragicomic experiences of
life, often coupled with black comedy and nonsense. His work
became increasingly minimalist as his career progressed, involving
more aesthetic and linguistic experimentation, with techniques of
repetition and self-reference. He is considered one of the last
modernist writers, and one of the key figures in what Martin
Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. A resident of Paris for
most of his adult life, during his 1928 to 1930 stay there he met
renowned Irish author James Joyce, which had a profound effect on
the young Beckett, who assisted Joyce in various ways (one of
which was research towards the book that became Finnegans Wake) an
resulted in Beckett's first published work, the critical essay
"Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". Beckett wrote in both
French and English. During the Second World War, Beckett was a
member of the French Resistance group Gloria SMH (Reseau Gloria)
and was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1949. He was awarded the
1969 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his writing, which - in
new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern
man acquires its elevation". In 1961 he shared the inaugural
Prix International with Jorge Luis Borges. He was the first person
to be elected Saoi (Gaelic: "Wise One" or "Bard")
of Aosdana (Gaelic: "People Of The Arts", an Irish arts
society) in 1984. Samuel Beckett died of emphysema and possibly
Parkinson's disease in a Paris, France nursing home, aged 83. He
is buried with his wife Suzanne Dechevaux-Dumesnil in the
Cimetiere Du Montparnasse in Paris, sharing a simple granite
gravestone that follows Beckett's directive that it should be "any
colour, so long as it's grey". On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Legacy
With Michael Wood World History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1919: India: The History Of
India: The British Raj (Crown Rule In India, Direct Rule In India,
India, The Indian Empire): Nonviolent Resistance (Nonviolent
Action): Satyagraha (Sanskrit: Satya, "Truth"; Agraha,
"Insistence", "Holding Firmly To"); "Holding
Firmly To Truth", "Truth Force"): Civil
Disobedience: The Rowlatt Act: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (The
Amritsar Massacre): -- Troops of the British Indian Army under the
command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of
Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh,
Amritsar, Punjab. The civilians, in the majority Sikhs, had
assembled to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations, a
religious and cultural festival for Punjabi people and also to
condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satya
Pal and Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew. Coming from outside the city, many
may have been unaware of the imposition of martial law earlier
that day. The Jallianwalla Bagh is a public garden of 6 to 7 acres
(28,000 m2), walled on all sides, with five entrances. To enter,
troops first blocked the entry by a tank and locked the exit. On
Dyer's orders, his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes,
directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through
which people were trying to flee. The British Government released
figures stating 379 dead and 1,200 wounded. The casualty number
estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500
injured, with approximately 1,000 dead. This "brutality
stunned the entire nation", resulting in a "wrenching
loss of faith" of the general public in the intentions of the
UK. The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by
the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the
Non-cooperation Movement of 1920-22. On Sunday, 13 April 1919,
Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all
meetings; however this notice was not widely disseminated. That
was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many
villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had
assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with Sikh, Gurkha,
Baluchi, Rajput troops from 2-9th Gurkhas, the 54th Sikhs and the
59th Sind Rifles to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the
crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the
ammunition supply was almost exhausted. Dyer stated that 1,650
rounds had been fired, a number apparently derived by counting
empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops. Dyer was initially
lauded by conservative forces in the empire, but in July 1920 he
was censured and forced to retire by the House Of Commons. He
became a celebrated hero in the UK among most of the people
connected to the British Raj, for example, the House of Lords, but
unpopular in the House Of Commons, which voted against Colonel
Reginald Dyer. He was disciplined by being removed from his
appointment, was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from
further employment in India. Among his prominent supporters, Nobel
Literature Prize winner Rudyard Kipling called Dyer "the man
who saved India" and initiated collections for his homecoming
prize. The massacre caused a re-evaluation of the army's role, in
which the new policy became minimum force. The army was retrained
and developed less violent tactics for crowd control. Historians
consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British
rule in India. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Clarence
Darrow Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1919: The European Civil War:
World War I: The First European War (The European Theater Of World
War I): The Espionage Act Of 1917: The Aftermath Of World War I:
Eugene V. Debs: Debs v. United States: -- Eugene V. Debs is
imprisoned at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta,
Georgia, for speaking out against the draft during World War I.
Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 - October 20, 1926) was an
American union leader, one of the founding members of the
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five
times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for
President of the United States. Through his presidential
candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs
eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the
United States. Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of
the United States five times, including 1900 (earning 0.6% of the
popular vote), 1904 (3.0%), 1908 (2.8%), 1912 (6.0%), and 1920
(3.4%), the last time from a prison cell. He was also a candidate
for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916.
Debs was noted for his oratory, and his speech denouncing American
participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918. He
was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a
term of 10 years. President Warren G. Harding commuted his
sentence in December 1921. Debs died in 1926, not long after being
admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that
developed during his time in prison. He has since been cited as
the inspiration for numerous politicians. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Classic
Baby Boomer Bloopers Video Collection DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1923: #BOTD: #HBD! Don Adams,
American actor, comedian, director and voice artist (d. September
25, 2005) is #born Donald James Yarmy in Manhattan, New York, son
of William Yarmy of Hungarian Jewish descent and his wife Consuelo
(nee Deiter) Yarmy of Irish-American descent. In his five decades
on television, Don Adams was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent
86) in the television situation comedy Get Smart (1965-70, 1995),
which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three
consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series
(1967-69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series
Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales (1963-66) and Inspector Gadget
(1983-86) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter
in the 1990s. Don Adams died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los
Angeles, California from lymphoma and a lung infection, aged 82.
Before his death, Adams had joked about not wanting a mournful
funeral, preferring to have his friends get together "and
bring me back to life." Among his eulogists were his
decades-long friends Barbara Feldon, Don Rickles, James Caan, Bill
Dana, and his son-in-law, actor Jim Beaver. His funeral Mass was
held at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills, and he
is interred in Hollywood Forever Cemetery. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Road
To War: Years Between WWI & WWII TV Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1941: The Interwar Period (The
Interbellum, Between The Wars): The Road To War: The
Soviet-Japanese Border Conflicts (The Soviet-Japanese Border War,
The First Soviet-Japanese War, The Russo-Mongolian-Japanese Border
Wars, The Soviet-Mongolian-Japanese Border Wars): The
Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (Japanese: Nisso Churitsu Joyaku)
(The Japanese-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact): -- The Soviet-Japanese
Neutrality Pact is signed, also known as the Japanese-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact., two years after the brief Soviet-Japanese
Border War. The pact was signed to ensure the neutrality between
the Soviet Union and the Empire Of Japan during World War II, in
which both countries participated. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Stalin
1990 TV Series + Bonus WWII Culpability MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1943: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): The Eastern Front Of World War II: The Soviet
Invasion Of Poland: Soviet Repressions Of Polish Citizens
(1939-1946): The Katyn Massacre (The Katyn Crime, The Katyn
Shooting): -- The discovery of mass graves of Polish prisoners of
war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyn Forest Massacre is
announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish
government-in-exile in London from the Soviet Union, which denies
responsibility. On March 5, 1940, six high-ranking members of
Soviet politburo, including Joseph Stalin, signed an order for the
execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish
POWs, in what will become known as the Katyn massacre. Known as
the Katyn Crime in Poland and the Katyn Shooting in Russian, it
was a series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by
the NKVD (The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, the
Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940. Though the killings
took place at several places, the massacre is named after the
Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered.
The massacre was prompted by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria's proposal
to execute all captive members of the Polish officer corps, dated
5 March 1940, approved by the Politburo of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union, including its leader, Joseph Stalin. The number
of victims is estimated at about 22,000. The victims were executed
in the Katyn Forest in Russia, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons,
and elsewhere. Of the total killed, about 8,000 were officers
imprisoned during the 1939 Soviet Invasion Of Poland, another
6,000 were police officers, and the rest were Polish
intelligentsia that the Soviets deemed to be "intelligence
agents, gendarmes, landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers,
officials, and priests". The government of Nazi Germany
announced the discovery of mass graves in the Katyn Forest in
April 1943. When the London-based Polish government-in-exile asked
for an investigation by the International Committee of the Red
Cross, Stalin immediately severed diplomatic relations with it.
The USSR claimed that the victims had been murdered by the Nazis
in 1941 and continued to deny responsibility for the massacres
until 1990, when it officially acknowledged and condemned the
perpetration of the killings by the NKVD, as well as the
subsequent cover-up by the Soviet government. An investigation
conducted by the office of the Prosecutors General of the Soviet
Union (1990-1991) and the Russian Federation (1991-2004) confirmed
Soviet responsibility for the massacres but refused to classify
this action as a war crime or an act of genocide. The
investigation was closed on the grounds that the perpetrators of
the atrocity were already dead, and since the Russian government
would not classify the dead as victims of the Great Purge, formal
posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable. In November
2010, the Russian State Duma approved a declaration blaming Stalin
and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the
massacre. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rock &
Roll An Unruly History 10 Part TV Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1946: #BOTD: #HBD! Al Green,
African American singer, songwriter, pastor and record producer,
referred to as "The Last Of The Great Soul Singers",
best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early
1970s, including "Take Me to the River", "Tired of
Being Alone", "I'm Still in Love with You", "Love
and Happiness", and his signature song, "Let's Stay
Together", is #born Albert Leornes Greene in Forrest City,
Arkansas. After his girlfriend died by suicide, Green became an
ordained pastor and turned to gospel music. He later returned to
secular music. Green was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame in 1995. Green is the winner of 11 Grammy Awards, including
the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He has also received the
BMI Icon award and is a Kennedy Center Honors recipient. He was
included in the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of
All Time, ranking at No. 65, as well as its list of the 100
Greatest Singers, at No. 14. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Conspiracies Special Narrated By Joe Frank MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1953: Human Rights: The
Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: Torture: Psychological
Torture (Mental Torture): Mind Control (Brainwashing): The Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA): CIA Activities Within The US: United
States Chemical Weapons Programs: The Office of Scientific
Intelligence: The United States Army Biological Warfare
Laboratories: Psychoactive Drugs: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
(German: Lysergsaure-Diethylamid {LSD] (Acid, Lucy): Project
Bluebird: Project Artichoke: Project MKUltra (MK-Ultra, The CIA
Mind Control Program): -- CIA director Allen Dulles launches the
mind-control program Project MKUltra, also called the CIA Mind
Control Program, the code name given to a program of experiments
on human subjects that were designed and undertaken by the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency, some of which were illegal.
Experiments on humans were intended to identify and develop drugs
and procedures to be used in interrogations in order to weaken the
individual and force confessions through mind control. The project
was organized through the Office of Scientific Intelligence of the
CIA and coordinated with the United States Army Biological Warfare
Laboratories. Code names for drug-related experiments were Project
Bluebird and Project Artichoke. The operation was officially
sanctioned in 1953, reduced in scope in 1964 and further curtailed
in 1967. It was officially halted in 1973. The program engaged in
many illegal activities, including the use of U.S. and Canadian
citizens as its unwitting test subjects, which led to controversy
regarding its legitimacy. MKUltra used numerous methods to
manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions.
Techniques included the covert administration of high doses of
psychoactive drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals,
electroshocks, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal
and sexual abuse, as well as other forms of torture. Documented
subjects of MKUltra were Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the
Cuckoo's Nest, who volunteered for MKUltra experiments involving
LSD and other psychedelic drugs at the Veterans Administration
Hospital in Menlo Park while he was a student at nearby Stanford
University; Kesey's experiences while under the influence of LSD
inspired him to promote the drug outside the context of the
MKUltra experiments, which influenced the early development of
hippie culture; Robert Hunter American lyricist,
singer-songwriter, translator, and poet, best known for his
association with Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead, who along
with Ken Kesey was an early volunteer MKUltra test subject at
Stanford University, and was paid to take LSD, psilocybin, and
mescaline, then to report on their experiences, which were Hunter
claimed creatively formative; and Boston mobster James "Whitey"
Bulger, who alleged he had been subjected to weekly injections of
LSD and subsequent testing while in prison at United States
Penitentiary, Atlanta (USP Atlanta) in 1957. The scope of Project
MKUltra was broad, with research undertaken at more than 80
institutions, including colleges and universities, hospitals,
prisons, and pharmaceutical companies. The CIA operated using
front organizations, although sometimes top officials at these
institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement. Project MKUltra
was first brought to public attention in 1975 by the Church
Committee of the United States Congress and Gerald Ford's United
States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United
States (also known as the Rockefeller Commission). Investigative
efforts were hampered by CIA Director Richard Helms' order that
all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and
Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn
testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small
number of documents that survived Helms's destruction order. On
July 20, 1977, a Freedom Of Information Act request uncovered a
cache of 20,000 documents relating to project MKUltra which led to
Senate hearings later that year. Some surviving information
regarding MKUltra was declassified in July 2001. In December 2018,
declassified documents included a letter to an unidentified doctor
discussing work on six dogs made to run, turn and stop via remote
control and brain implants. It has been alleged that The Pied
Piper Of Hamelin (1957), the first full-length made-for-tv feature
film starring Van Johnson, Claude Rains and Jim Backus, is in part
a ML-Ultra project. In its retelling of the Pied Piper story, the
action is focused upon a historical pattern that was to unfold a
mere ten years after the youngsters this film was aimed at saw it.
In it, the Pied Piper leads the town's children astray with musics
their parents can neither hear nor understand. He spirits them out
from under the control of parents and state and places blame for
the act upon the corrupt town fathers for having refused to "pay
the piper" an honest wage. Soon the common townsfolk come to
lay blame on their leaders for having mishandled their affairs so
as to put their children beyond their command. That this
made-for-tv film retells this medieval legend in just such a
particular manner in 1957 makes the question of to what purpose
such changes were made to this story in light of the events of
1967 a very interesting one. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: New York
City History Documentary Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1958: Music: Music History:
Classical Music: Music Competititions: Music Of Russia: The
International Tchaikovsky Competition: -- American Van Cliburn
wins the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition in
Moscow. Van Cliburn, American pianist who achieved worldwide
recognition in 1958, at the age of 23, when he won the inaugural
quadrennial International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition in Moscow
during the Cold War (d. February 27, 2013) was born July 12, 1934.
His mother, an accomplished pianist and piano teacher, discovered
him playing at age three and mimicking one of her students. She
arranged for him to start taking lessons. He developed a rich,
round tone and a singing voice-like phrasing, having been taught
from the start to sing each piece. Harvey Lavan "Van"
Cliburn Jr. toured domestically and overseas. At age twenty,
Cliburn won the Leventritt Award and made his Carnegie Hall debut.
He played for royalty, heads of state, and every U.S. president
from Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Red Ball
Express 1952 Jeff Chandler Sidney Poitier DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1964: First African Americans:
-- Sidney Poitier becomes the first African American male to win
the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1963 film Lilies Of The
Field. Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE, Bahamian-American actor, film
director, author, was born in Miami, Florida on February 20, 1927.
Poitier was also the first black actor to win the Golden Globe
Award for Best Actor, for his role in the same film, Lilies Of The
Field, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. The
significance of these achievements was bolstered in 1967, when he
starred in three successful films, all of which dealt with issues
involving race and race relations: To Sir, with Love; In the Heat
of the Night; and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, making him the top
box-office star of that year. In 1999, the American Film Institute
named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood
cinema, ranking 22nd on the list of 25. Poitier has directed a
number of films, including Uptown Saturday Night, Let's Do It
Again, and A Piece of the Action, with Bill Cosby; Stir Crazy,
starring Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder; and Ghost Dad, also with
Cosby. In 2002, thirty-eight years after receiving the Best Actor
Award, Poitier was chosen by the Academy Of Motion Picture Arts
And Sciences to receive an Academy Honorary Award, in recognition
of his "remarkable accomplishments as an artist and as a
human being". Poitier was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in
1974. From 1997 to 2007, he served as the Bahamian Ambassador to
Japan. On August 12, 2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential
Medal Of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor, by
President Barack Obama. In 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA
Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Outer
Space Films 3 Project Apollo Reaching For The Moon DVD, MP4, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1970: The History Of
Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The
Space Age: Space Programs Of The United States: Human Spaceflight
Programs: Missions To The Moon: Project Apollo: Apollo 13 (AS-13):
The Apollo 13 Accident: -- An oxygen tank aboard Apollo 13
explodes, putting the crew in great danger and causing major
damage to the spacecraft while en route to the Moon. On April 11,
Apollo 13 was launched from Cape Kennedy at 2:13 PM from the
Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Apollo 13 was the seventh manned
mission in the Apollo space program and the third intended to land
on the Moon, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen
tank exploded two days later, crippling the Service Module (SM)
upon which the Command Module (CM) had depended. Despite great
hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of
potable water, and the critical need to make makeshift repairs to
the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to
Earth on April 17, 1970, six days after launch. The flight passed
the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 137 nautical miles
above the lunar surface, 248,655 nautical miles from Earth, a
spaceflight record marking the farthest humans have ever traveled
from Earth. The mission was commanded by James A. Lovell with John
L. "Jack" Swigert as Command Module Pilot and Fred W.
Haise as Lunar Module Pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for
the original CM pilot Ken Mattingly, who was grounded by the
flight surgeon after exposure to German measles. The story of the
Apollo 13 mission has been dramatized multiple times, most notably
in the 1995 film Apollo 13. Fifty six hours into the flight an
oxygen tank exploded in the service module. Astronaut John L.
Swigert saw a warning light that accompanied the bang and said,
"OK, Houston, we've had a problem here." Swigert, James
A. Lovell and Fred W. Haise then transferred into the lunar
module, using it as a "lifeboat" and began a perilous
return trip to Earth. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Vietnam:
The Ten Thousand Day War TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13, 1972: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The Battle Of An Loc: -- A
major battle of the Vietnam War that lasts for 66 days begins in a
ward (phuong) of Binh Long town, Binh Phuoc Province in the
Southeast region of Vietnam, culminating in a tactical victory for
South Vietnam. The Battle Of An Loc was an important battle of the
war, as South Vietnamese forces halted the North Vietnamese
advance towards Saigon. The victory, however, was not complete.
National Route 13 (QL-13), the highway from Saigon to Cambodia
nicknamed "Thunder Road" by US forces, was still was not
open, and the fighting at An Loc demonstrated the continued ARVN
dependence on U.S. air power and U.S. advisors. For the PAVN, the
battle demonstrated their logistical constraints; following each
attack, resupply times from North Vietnam caused lengthy delays in
their ability to properly defend their position. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Meeting Martin Luther King Meets Malcolm X Play DVD, Download, USB
Today, April. 13, 2026
April 13: National Theresa Day: --
Theresa is a female name of Greek, Spanish and Portuguese origins.
In 1950, Theresa was number 65 among the most popular female names
in the U.S. 1956 was a good year for the name as it moved to
number 32 before dropping all the way to number 226 in 1992 and
then to 852 by 2008. On the other hand, Terese ranked as high as
18 between 1961 and 1963, though it dropped to 719 in recent
times. Theresa is a female name of Greek, Spanish and Portuguese
origins. In Greek, the name possesses several meanings, the first
of which is 'from the island of Therassia,' or 'inhabitant of
Thera,' Thera, Thira, Therassia, or Thirassia being a Greek island
now known as Santorini. Another possible meaning is 'huntress' or
'hunter.' However, it has been widely accepted that the name means
'late summer' in ancient Greek. The Spanish variation of the name
spelled 'Teresa' originated from the name 'Therasia.' One of the
earliest records of the name is traceable to the wife of Saint
Paulinus of Nola during the fourth century. The name was confined
to Spain and Portugal between the Middle Ages and the 16th
century. It eventually spread to the other parts of the world
thanks to the fame of Spanish nun Saint Teresa of Avila. Another
famous woman who bore the name was the Austrian Queen Maria Teresa
who inherited the domains of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI,
her father. The French variation of the name, 'Therese,' received
the limelight during the 19th century thanks to the life of Saint
Therese of Lisieux, who wrote a touching account of her life
titled "The Story of A Soul," which makes her one of the
most famous saints of modern times.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Long
Shadows: Civil War Legacy DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026April 13, 1865: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Eastern Theater
Of The American Civil War: The Carolinas Campaign (The Campaign Of
The Carolinas): The Capture Of Raleigh: -- Four days after
Condederate General Sherman's surrender of The Army Of Northern
Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Union General
Sherman's cavalry forces under the command of General Hugh Judson
Kilpatrick capture and occupy Raleigh, North Carolina. North
Carolina Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of
breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops
immediately after the Civil War began, but this did not deter
them. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union
soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville.
The city was spared significant destruction during the War. The
Campaign of the Carolinas (January 1 - April 26, 1865), also known
as the Carolinas Campaign, was the final campaign conducted by the
Union Army against the Confederate Army in the Western Theater. On
January 1, 1965, Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman advanced north
from Savannah, Georgia, through the Carolinas, with the intention
of linking up with Union forces in Virginia. The defeat of
Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army at the Battle of
Bentonville, and its unconditional surrender to Union forces on
April 26, 1865, effectively ended the American Civil War.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Vienna
Is Different: 50 Years After The Anschluss DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, April. 13, 2026April 13, 1945: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): The Eastern Front Of World War II: The Great
Patriotic War (The German-Soviet War): The Vienna Offensive: --
Soviet and Bulgarian forces, assisted by Austrian Resistance
forces, capture Vienna, capital city of Austria before the
Anschluss and the home of Adolf Hitler when he first formulated
his racial and political theories, after several days of
street-to-street fighting. The Vienna Offensive was launched by
the Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front, consisting of various Red Army
mechanized units, and 3rd Ukrainian Front, consisting of Red Army
and Bulgarian troops with mechanized support. The city of Vienna
was surrounded and under siege for most of the offensive until its
capture. Vienna had been bombarded continuously by the Soviets for
the year before the arrival of Soviet troops, and many buildings
and facilities had been damaged and destroyed; beginning on
September 4, 1942, The Bombing Of Vienna In World War II resulted
in 52 bombings, 37,000 destroyed houses, the destruction of 20% of
the entire city, the survival of only 41 civilian vehicles after
the raids, and more than 3,000 bomb craters.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Counterculture Of The 1960s Films MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, April. 13, 2026April 13, 2023: #DOTD: #RIP: Mary Quant,
British fashion designer, fashion and cultural icon who took
credit for the miniskirt and hotpants and became an instrumental
figure in the 1960s London-based Mod and youth fashion movements,
and played a prominent role in London's Swinging Sixties culture
(b. February 11, 1930) #dies at home in Surrey, South England,
aged 93. Her burial details are not publicly disclosed. Mary Quant
was born Barbara Mary Quant in Woolwich, London, the daughter of
parents who both came from Welsh mining families. Ernestine Marie
Carter OBE, fashion writer and later associate editor of The
Sunday Times, wrote of Dame Barbara Mary Quant CH DBE FCSD RDI:
"It is given to a fortunate few to be born at the right time,
in the right place, with the right talents. In recent fashion
there are three: Chanel, Dior, and Mary Quant." #MaryQuant
#FashionDesigners #FashionIcons #CulturalIcons #Miniskirt
#Hotpants #Mods #SwingingLondon #SwingingSixties #Fashion #MP4
#VideoDownload #DVD
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